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| Hekla |
by J J Cohen
As I have announced ad nauseam, after the BABEL conference I will disappear into my hermit's hut and not be spotted again until winter gales are a-howling. Ivory billed woodpeckers will be quotidian compared to J J Cohen glimpses. But before that happens I have to get some obligations off my plate: the finishing touches to Prismatic Ecologies, that nergling little co-plenary I'm supposed to give with Lindy Elkins-Tanton (hint: both of us will talk about rocks and cataclysms), and the essay I promised for the inaugural issue of O-Zone, Object/Ecology. You will recognize a little bit of this piece as I've shared it here before, but this is a new and experimental form for a journal that (I am told) will take some creative risks.
So here is my draft. Let me know what you think.
-------------------
United
Airlines flight from DCA to DET. March 2012.
Severe weather in Ohio and Pennsylvania
has triggered numerous diversions to Detroit. I do not take the extra forty
minutes we spend circling the airport as an omen of things to arrive. It is.
A
large room in the student center at Eastern Michigan University. The symposium “Nonhumans:
Ecology, Ethics, Objects” is underway. Craig Dionne introduces the event. Eileen
Joy presents the two speakers. My talk is a careful choreography of words and
images.
Social
anthropologist Tim Ingold has argued that like the verbs “to grow” and “to
dwell,” “to produce” is intransitive and nonteleological. Whether affects,
perceptions, artworks, objects, or story, we insistently produce.[1]
Ingold is speaking not only of humans but of “life itself,” of the nontotalizable
amalgams of forces and substances that knot into ecologies and which create
without necessary intention. Among these productions are numerous recording
devices that inscribe, transmit and intensify relation – things without which I
could not stand in this room, could not share with you some thoughts on how
narrative-objects companion other kinds of things. Our longest functioning
clock and most extensive archive is lithic, geological strata thick with primal
traces, monsters, catastrophes, burgeonings, intimations of possible destinies.
Other libraries include tree rings, ice cores and DNA, even if these devices
hold more data than evident story. If narrative is a future-saturated device
for artful connection-forging (that is, an apparatus of composition, of
production), then humans are among the world’s most finely attuned story
machines. Only stone has fulfilled this charge with stauncher historical determination.A densely
populated and ceaselessly generative thingscape as well as mingling of biomes, the
world produces, endlessly, objects without necessary objectives, except more
production. Life swarms, inorganic substances proliferate, new forms burgeon (or
at times vanish). Ecology is the study of open systems impossibly full. As various
object oriented ontologies have insisted, every thing or unit or machine at
every scale possesses integrity and infolded mystery.[2] With
humans and inhumans alike, then, we must through narrative and other kinds of
action foster ethical relations: complicated, hesitant, consequence-minded interconnections
that thicken, fructify, and affirm. Narrative is the intermediary by virtue of
which these environmental meshworks, mangles and networks are articulated, documented,
vitalized.[3] Thick
with voices and dense with agency, an object exterior to any author, narrative also
breathes with its own life.[4] As
Tim Morton writes, “Reading a text is a profoundly ecological act, because
ecology, at bottom, is coexistence (with others, of course), which implies
interdependence.”[5]
Narrative is not the only means we possess for plumbing ecological
entanglements, but its partnership has proven enduringly potent.
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| Langjökull |
These
human/nonhuman entanglements could also be called elemental relations. Whether
in classical philosophy (Empedocles and his earth, air, fire and water) or
common parlance (referring to the hostility of weather and landscape) the elements
are at once the most intractable, enduring, agentic and fundamental of
materials. Thick stone is documentary, the material of our earliest surviving
tools and the conveyor of human prehistory. Restless water is that which cannot
be inscribed (except as ice), a substance enclosed within our bodies as memory
of a briny origin, the force through which we domesticate landscapes. Wind is
propulsion, power, spirit, tornado. Fire is obliterative, the partner through
which we transformed every terrain into which we stepped. Though they are perilous,
even lethal, without elemental confederations we would possess no homes in
which to dwell. Smaller than gods and larger than atoms, the elements offer a
human-scale entry into nonhuman relations.[6] Unlike
vast divinities or minuscule particles, invisible because alien to our scale,
the elements are amenable allies because their narratives are noisily audible,
their activity energetic and obvious. The slowest and the swiftest, rock and flame,
are the most challenging to contain within customary frames. Though both are
processes as much as substances, humans do not naturally inhabit lithic or
igneous temporalities. Our moderate duration is closer to air and water, the
two elements behind storm. Yet fire and stone likewise flow, at least when we
accept their invitation to nonanthropocentric measures of time. Their stories convey
the fertile past and pulse with futurity.
Through
our alliances with the elements we humanized ourselves: no cooking or clearing
without fire, no foundations without stone, small movement without water and
air. Fundamental, the elements are also that which will remain long after our
departure. The elements do not need us. They no doubt relate to each other on
their own, outside of human terms. As Graham Harman writes, when “the gap
between humans and world” is “privileged over the gaps between tree and wind,
or fire and cotton,” we end up reinscribing a tiresome anthropocentricity that
measures all things solipsistically, as if humans were the apex of the universe
rather that one creative and productive agent among many.[7]
Time neither culminates nor ends at the Anthropocene, and even though we are
irremediably human it does not follow that the measure of all things should be
our limited senses. Yet this object oriented realization does not allow us to
wave good-bye to an earth we’ve ruined, departing for realms that aren’t so
postlapsarian, for Edens that remain unspoiled because it’s impossible to dwell
in them. Human-scale elemental relations assist in avoiding the pratfalls of scientism
and theology, to roam a world with no answers in advance, no outside to what
we’re intractably within: a co-inhabited realm of humans and nonhumans, neither
the measure of the other, a stormy fiery watery earthy text-loving expanse that
isn’t anthropocentric, but also isn’t indifferent to me as I am telling you
this story and you who listen and consider, for a while, how roiling the ground
beneath us might be, how inadequately or well we have constructed our shelters
– this very room – with and against the elements, what happens when the door
blows open and something unexpected arrives.
We
travel to medieval Iceland, and a story of sudden advent. A door will burst
from its hinges and dangerous strangers arrive.
Hold
on.
Meeting
room in the student union at EMU, continued.
“I am sorry but you will need to
evacuate immediately to the shelter on first floor or the stairwells. Take your
belongings with you. Walk as quickly as you can. You need to get out now.”
Same
building. A windowless auditorium: noisy, crowded, warm.
I am thinking about interruption and
advent. My presentation was timed to unfold with a flow of visual commentary: stone,
water, flame, cloud. I'd taken these photographs in Spain, France, Germany, England,
Australia while pursuing my elemental research projects. Visual journal of my
wandering years: makeshift inuksuit on the shore of southern Maine. Sunrise,
and a raven atop a menhir. Candles burning in Sagrada Familia. Fragment of the
Berlin Wall. Rocks like seaborne castles along the Victoria coast. The miroir d’eau of Bordeaux at night, my
son and daughter blurred in their running. Pebbles on a Jewish grave in
Montparnasse.
When
the garbled announcement intruded from the hallway, I spoke over it, assuming the
words had nothing to do with us gathered in the room. A man entered and declared
the tornado. Much of the student union is made of glass. We were led to an
auditorium in the building’s center where we sat for almost two hours, watching
the progress of the F3 on a monitor. Excitement yielded to boredom, a student
group recited poetry, some Girl Scouts played Duck-Duck-Goose. I pretended to
need the restroom so that I could watch the deluge outside: green sky, gale and
relentless flood.[8]
No
one was injured by the whirlwind, but homes in a nearby town were smashed. When
we were evacuated to the shelter, I was just arriving at the portion of my
paper about storm, shelter, firm doors bursting and intrusion’s shattering of
the home. Ok í því brast sundr hurðin.
Drangey
Island, north coast of Iceland
A
Story of Fire and Water, Rock and Gale
The wind had been howling for days, winter’s advent, and when it stopped Grettir knew trouble neared. The shepherd’s hut had been home in exile, shared with his brother, a servant, a ram. He’d spent days inside. A knee wound from an axe stroke gone wrong was suppurating, and Grettir was dying. “Ok knýr heldr fast,” the hard knock of enemies at the threshold, the door about to break.[9] Grettir had depended on Drangey’s loneliness to ward him. The island was sheer cliff, every side. Grettir cursed the need for fire that had driven him to chop driftwood and cut his leg, an injury that held him to an unaccustomed bed. He grasped his sword as the timbers yielded.
The wind had been howling for days, winter’s advent, and when it stopped Grettir knew trouble neared. The shepherd’s hut had been home in exile, shared with his brother, a servant, a ram. He’d spent days inside. A knee wound from an axe stroke gone wrong was suppurating, and Grettir was dying. “Ok knýr heldr fast,” the hard knock of enemies at the threshold, the door about to break.[9] Grettir had depended on Drangey’s loneliness to ward him. The island was sheer cliff, every side. Grettir cursed the need for fire that had driven him to chop driftwood and cut his leg, an injury that held him to an unaccustomed bed. He grasped his sword as the timbers yielded.
In
the past Grettir had been on the other side of such doors, breaking wood from hinge.
He had been that thing against which houses are constructed, that which an oikos excludes. Now all that the house
been constructed to exclude would soon be within.
This
place where I am writing. August, 2012.
Grettir’s Saga was
composed in the fourteenth century by a Christian imagining what life must have
been like during Iceland’s Viking Age. As much monster as hero, its
protagonist is a complicated warrior never fully in control of his impulses. His
decapitation on a lonely island at the hands of a man who has long hated him is
the culmination, twenty years after the fact, of a chain of events sparked when
Grettir stole fire from a similarly lonely home and its wooden walls went up in
flames, incinerating those within. Skapti the lawman declares before Grettir is
outlawed for this deed that “a story is always half told if only one side
speaks” (46). Skapti is speaking of human litigants, but what about the land
that anchors the narrative, the rocky places of refuge, the stones constantly
lifted and hurled? What of the sea that quickly enables distant travel, and that
also rages and churns? What of the gales that blast the island, that keep an
ill Grettir in his island home, secure from its bite, and cause such mystery
for his servant that he neglects to raise the ladder at a pivotal moment? What
about the fire that lights the evening, warms at the hearth, and consumes human
lives? These elements possess story. Water is the Viking roadway, stony islands
their farms and bivouacs, the matter of foundation. Flames that reduce households
to ash exert material as well as narrative agency. The narrative is alive with
nonhuman characters. Even humans become objects of a sort, sometimes walking in
death, forming their uncanny alliances with subterranean spaces or the shimmer
of the moon behind winter clouds. The Old Icelandic term for what we’d call a
zombie or vampire is draugr or aptrgangr, “return-walker,” a person
still moving after reduction to a corpse’s putative inanimation. The dead are
supposed to be as immobile as the stones beneath which they are buried. But
what if those rocks also reveal themselves as exerters of unexpected agency,
holders of an uncanny life? Rock is our most inert substance, our cliché for
inaction, our symbol for givenness, an element that Heidegger declared weltlos (worldless), the very substance
of the impassive Real. We found our lives upon a base of stone but do not take
stone’s power to initiate into account. What if we did?
Our narratives might change. We’ve
fucked up the world we inhabit, this place without a beyond. Unless we refashion our relations to materiality and
objects, unless we learn to compose our stories and our ethics not from the elements (as if all that is
inhuman were a resource) but with
them (as agency-exerting partners possessed of unsounded depths and innate
dignity), we may well find ourselves in a grey and brown space of stumps, fumes
and sludge – like the ending of The Lorax,
when the grumpy little ecologist hoists himself by his keister and vanishes
into the smog, abandoning humans to their industrial mire.[10]
Yet despite what we know from the denouement of ecocastrophe narratives, a dark
ecology is not necessarily The End. As Timothy Morton has observed, even toxic
sludge possesses aesthetic power and numbers among the “irreducibly unique”
objects that compose our world.[11]
Muck is a terminus only from a human point of view. Produced by humans, by
factories, by elements, sludge is likewise productive: of feelings, of stories,
and even, perversely, of life.
Playing with fire leaves you burned,
thinking with stone leaves you smarting, water has a cold sting. Elemental
relations quicken as they bind, thicken as we cultivate an ethical complexity
with their materiality and force. They emerge within narrative but they do not
necessarily become servants indentured to anthropocentrism. Narrative enables
the envisioning of realms at times indifferent to us, thingscapes that often excludes
us, but through that imagining we connect and interdepend all the more deeply. Materially,
ethically, narratively we’re too entangled to escape this call to dwell with rather than despite, against, or
through. Narrative is the relational machine of ethics, and the perspectivism of
stories is our complicated but unremittingly productive angel of connection. On
ground that is never firm, lit by dangerous burnings that are also our sine qua non, we imagine more just modes of coinhabitance. Through
stories of stone, fire, wind and water we attend with slow care to the ethical bonds
that ally us with a thing coming always into being: with that impossible and
always already ruined but absolutely essential converging of restless elements
that is the world.
Here.
Now. With you.
I have been untruthful about my partner in
composing this essay. The tornado interrupted ahead of schedule. The door had
not yet been threatened. No monster or storm was bursting the bolts, and I had
not yet pronounced “Hold on.” The elements are seldom compliant. They have
terrible timing.
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| abandoned fishing hut, Reykjavik |
This
essay, however, bears throughout the impress of the storm that suspended its
origin. The presentation I was to give on “Elemental Relations” in March 2012 will
never be delivered. This piece you are reading is not a substitute but a
meditation on aftermath. The hurried evacuation, the time spent in the
sweltering auditorium, the unexpected companionships a tempest’s advent
engendered, the green sky and the relentless rush of waters, glass against
gale, community within a whirlwind: all of these things convinced me not to
postpone the performance, but to cancel. Something less solitary had already unfolded
in its place. Relations had become participations, production, co-composition.
At the all-clear we returned to the room and instead of my practiced talk I
gave an informal account of things I might have said, of things the storm had
asked me to think. I gave up on companionless performance. We had all the
conditions in place for an emergence, for one of those rare moments when
formality dissolves and bonds of unexpected solidarity become visible, and a
conversation unspools, one in which everything can change, one in which even
the unlooked-for and inhuman arrival had become an interlocutor. The tornado
had intruded and in its wake we could not carry on as if the conditions of our
gathering and the knowledge that we brought to our colloquy had not been
profoundly altered.
Elemental
relations are elemental participations, and possess no exterior. Catastrophe
has always intervened already, and catastrophe will always arrive again. We
live in its midst. We have always lived in its midst, at a doorway that
sometimes holds firm against storm but sometimes blows open and the elements
arrive.
My gratitude to Craig Dionne for
extending the invitation that made this project possible, to Eileen Joy for
nurturing its focus, to Timothy Morton
for companionship at the symposium, and to the audience for the perseverance,
great questions, and good cheer.
[1] Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge
and Description (London: Routledge, 2011) 6.
[2]
This sentences gestures towards the terminology of various object theorists who
have helped me to frame this investigation: Graham Harman, The Quadruple Object (Alresford: Zero Books, 2011); Ian Bogost, Alien Phenomenology, or What It’s Like to Be
a Thing (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012); Levi Bryant, The Democracy of Objects (Ann Arbor:
Open Humanities Press, 2011) and “BorromeanMachine-Oriented Ontology, Strange Strangers, and Alien Phenomenology”
[3]
For network see the work of Bruno Latour, such as Reassembling the Social (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005);
for meshwork see Tim Ingold, Being Alive 63-65;
for mangle see Andrew Pickering, The
Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency and Science (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1995).
[4] On
narrative autopoiesis and agency, see Eileen Joy’s “Notes Toward a Speculative Realist Literary Criticism.
[5]
He continues, “What I call the ecological thought is the thinking of
this coexistence and interdependence to the fullest possible extent of which we
are capable.” See the “Ecological Thought - Mission Statement” at
http://www.rc.umd.edu/blog_rc/?p=214
[6] On
elemental ecocriticism see “An Abecedarium for the Elements.” postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural
studies 2 (2011): 291-303 as well as the special issue of the same journal
devoted to “Ecomaterialism” (ed. Jeffrey J. Cohen and Lowell Duckert, spring
2013).
[7] Prince of Networks:
Bruno Latour and Metaphysics (Melbourne: re.press, 2009) 67.
[8]
Alan Montroso, who sat next to me and Eileen Joy in the auditorium, has a
compelling account here: http://bacchanalinthelibrary.blogspot.com/2012/03/surviving-elemental-relations.html
[9] Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar. ed. Guðni Jónsson.
Íslenzk fornrit 7 (Reykjavík: 1936; reprinted Reykjavík: Steinholt, 2001); Grettir’s Saga,
trans. Jesse Byock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) chapter 82.
References to both by chapter number. This narrative from Grettir’s Saga forms
a triptych with the essay I co-wrote with Stephanie Trigg on “Fire” for a
forthcoming issue of postmedieval
(spring 2013) and “All Things,” Animal, Vegetable, Mineral:
Ethics and Objects,
ed. Jeffrey J. Cohen (New York: Oliphaunt / punctum books, 2012) 1-8 (downloadable here).
[10]
On grey, brown, black and other non-green shades for ecology see Prismatic Ecologies: Ecotheory Beyond Green,
ed. Jeffrey J. Cohen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013).
[11]
“Dark ecology” is from Timothy Morton, Ecology without Nature: Rethinking
Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007) 159.
