Quick author's note: As a long-time reader of ITM, I'm happy to be guest-posting at the invitation of JJ Cohen. What follows is a transcription (with minor revisions and added hyperlinks) of a talk that I delivered at the International Congress of Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, MI, on May 9, 2014, as part of the panel discussion called “Writing the Middle Ages for Multiple Audiences.” The roundtable was organized by Michael Alan Ryan, and sponsored by the Medieval Academy of America’s Committee on Centers and Regional Associations (CARA).
I've inserted many of the handout references as links in the text, and still included the handout info at the end. It's really the tip of the iceberg of relevant material out there, but some good selected readings.
What do you think of these resolutions? I'd love to read your thoughts in the comments, especially if they help me be disciplined in keeping the resolutions myself.
My thanks to Michael Alan Ryan for inviting me to be a part of the session and to Irina Dumitrescu for her astute comments on earlier versions of this talk.
Laura Saetveit Miles
Førsteamanuensis (Associate Professor) of English Literature
Institutt for Fremmedspråk, University of Bergen
www.laurasaetveitmiles.com
“Once
and Future Feminism”
DO WE STILL NEED
FEMINISM?
Back in February, New
York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof wrote a column
begging academics to be more relevant and write for the public. “Professors,
don’t cloister yourselves like medieval monks — we need you!” he wrote. His
column struck a nerve among academics, not to mention medievalists, many of
whom rallied
to defend both themselves and medieval monks – some of the biggest public
intellectuals of their time, as we happen to know.
In any case, with the
humanities under threat and anti-intellectualism running amuck, everyone seems
to be talking about how to make the academy more relevant to the world outside
the ivory tower. Hence exactly this timely session on “Writing the Middle Ages
for Multiple Audiences.” Today I’d like to combine this concern about academic
outreach with a movement that is still desperately relevant and necessary
today: feminism.
It may be nice to think
that we don’t need feminism any more because we’ve come so far as a society.
But as you’ve probably noticed, the war on women is alive and well. Just a few
examples, some tips of the iceberg: According to one study, in the media,
three-quarters of victims represented are women, while three-quarters of
experts are men. The so-called ‘confidence gap’ suggests many women consistently underestimate and undersell
themselves, compared to men. The well-known gender pay gap
persists: women make 77 cents to a man’s dollar in this country, even worse for
minorities and single mothers.
But what about in the
academy? For all our education we are not immune to sexism. On average, female
full professors earn $16,000 a year less than men. Women are less likely to be awarded tenure than men,
some studies have shown. For women, having babies is a career killer; while for men, having babies is a career advantage. While there
maybe be near gender parity representation amoung junior faculty, higher
adminstration – the people with the power – remains overwhelmingly male.
We all STILL need feminism –
inside and outside the academy.
The cultural critic bell
hooks defined feminism as “a movement to end
sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression, for all people, female and male.” While
this is only one of many definitions of feminism out there, I think it’s vital
to emphasize that anyone can be affected by sexism and anyone can work against
it; any man or woman can be a feminist by refusing to accept gender inequality.
Today I’m not going to
talk about marching in the street or calling your senator. I’m going to talk
about how our intellectual passions can highlight inequality today, and can
open up a space for counteracting modern sexism. I’d like to talk about specific
ways of writing the Middle Ages for multiple audiences in order to make the
future a better place for women than the present or the past.
Some of you will have
done many visible feminist actions, or written amazing feminist criticism, or
been in positions of power where you could effect policies to reduce sexism in
your workplace and world.
But the act of writing
for the public, of writing for multiple audiences, offers a powerful platform
for feminist writing. For most scholars there is very little incentive to spend
time on this kind of writing, and so we rarely do it. At least this is what I
see, and it’s something I want to change. Thus here is a list of my own
feminist outreach resolutions for myself for this year until next May's Kalamazoo
Medieval Congress. I hereby hold myself publicly accountable for following
through on these three resolutions of writing for multiple audiences. These are
not complicated goals or totally comprehensive or terribly original, but they
are do-able and practical, and maybe some of them hadn’t occurred to you
before.
Can you make any of
these resolutions? Consider this talk as both encouragement and permission –
for myself, for you – to take the time, to reach out, to be a bit political, to
make the world take seriously the need for once and future feminism.
HOW CAN MEDIEVALISTS
BE FEMINISTS FOR EVERYBODY?
Three Resolutions
1. WRITE FOR ACADEMICS
OUTSIDE YOUR FIELD
During graduate school,
I was once discussing the very first dissertation chapter I had written with an
extremely influential, anthologized feminist literary critic on my chapter
committee. She asked, “But are there even medievalist feminist critics? How can
you do feminist work on the Middle Ages?”
Whatever my response was
at the time, I’ve spent years trying to think of a better one. Clearly, as
medievalists, we have some work to do. How can we educate non-medievalist
academics about the Middle Ages through feminist criticism? How can we show
what feminism has to gain from the Middle Ages?
This is about multiple
audiences outside of the readers of Speculum
and postmedieval. When you
publish about medieval women, or perform feminist criticism on medieval topics,
think about how can you make your work part of a larger conversation, whether
that be across your field, across history, or across feminist studies itself.
I myself make a resolution
to submit my next feminist article to a non-medieval journal. Take your article
on Eleanor of Aquitaine and submit it to Past
and Present; try your Christine de Pizan article at PMLA before Exemplaria. Another
approach: If you publish in Signs: A
Journal of Women in Culture and Society, or the Feminist Review, or the Journal
of Gender Studies, you’ll be working to dispel exactly the kind of
misperceptions of the Middle Ages I encountered with that modern feminist
critic.
Insisting on the complex,
fascinating history of women in the Middle Ages is a crucial way of demonstrating
to our colleagues and administrators – the people holding the power and the
purse-strings – that the medieval is not marginal but foundational, not dusty
but vibrant, not irrelevant but innovative.
2. CONTRIBUTE TO WIKIPEDIA
You all know how spotty
coverage of the Middle Ages can be on Wikipedia. But, like it or not, it’s
where our students go – not to mention the world. Coverage of medieval women
and women’s issues is even worse. And that gender bias is reflected in the fact
that only around 10% of Wikipedia editors are women. The world’s new knowledge
authority overwhelmingly represents men and men’s history.
A third resolution: find
an ailing wikipedia article about a medieval woman or related medieval topic,
and adopt it for revision, or begin a new page and invite some colleagues to
help develop it with you. Nurture the entry slowly by adding new material a little
at a time, using verifiable citations to help ensure your additions stick. Be
sure to add relevant bibliography by female scholars.
Watch what happens to
your edits; re-edit if necessary, and remain faithful even when anonymous
editors work against your expertise. Wikipedia can sometimes be a hostile environment
where you can see your edits get deleted within minutes. Don’t be discouraged. You
are an authority, you are expert enough to edit, and your contributions will
help improve undergraduate papers everywhere.
[Never edited Wikipedia?
There some good resources online, including this brochure,
to help get you started as an editor of Wikipedia. At Kalamazoo, you may have made
it to the epic Medieval Women Wikipedia Write-in hosted by the Society for Medieval
Feminist Scholarship and spearheaded by Dorothy Kim – a record of some results here.
Dorothy also has some blog entries on ITM on the Medieval Women Wikipedia
Write-in – here
and here.]
I myself had never
edited Wikipedia before, but now I have adopted the entry on the
thirteenth-century holy woman Elizabeth of Töss and will be checking in on it
and adding to it for a half-hour every Friday afternoon, as my little outreach date.
None of the current scholarship by important female scholars like Alexandra
Barratt and Sarah McNamer is represented there, and most egregiously, the
article denies Elizabeth of Töss any connection to the fascinating Revelations text almost certainly documenting
her visions.
I will donate this
weekly half-hour for the sake of restoring Elizabeth’s voice and because that
single anonymous article is viewed over 200 times a month – and until my edits,
none of those readers knew of her incredible visionary account, stripped again
of her correct identification as it had been for hundreds of years.
3. WRITE FOR THE
PUBLIC
Back in 2000, critic
bell hooks commented on the disconnect between academic feminist theory and the
world outside the ivory tower. In her book Feminism
is for Everybody, she wrote:
“… Work was and is produced by the academy that
is oftentimes visionary, but these insights rarely reach many people. As a
consequence the academization of feminist thought in this manner undermines
feminist movement via depoliticization. Deradicalized, it is like every other
academic discipline with the only difference being the focus on gender.” (22)
She takes these lucid
observations and offers a concrete solution: write for multiple audiences. In
her words,
“Literature that helps inform masses of people,
that helps individuals understand feminist thinking and feminist politics,
needs to be written in a range of styles and formats. We need work that is
especially geared towards youth culture. No one produces this work in academic
settings.” (22-3)
Now, as medievalists, we
are in a unique position to write literature that helps inform masses of
people, because popular culture is currently obsessed with anything medieval:
TV shows like Game of Thrones, movies
versions of Tolkien and C.S. Lewis’ work, King Arthur anything, the Vikings, video games,
etc. etc. Also medieval archeological discoveries, like finding Richard III’s
bones, are making headlines.
This is all awesome.
The opening here for us
is to use our expertise to offer to those same audiences a narrative that
highlights women’s history and historical accomplishments. In the meantime we
can counteract inaccurate portrayals of the Middle Ages, especially sexist and
misogynistic inaccuracies. I’m not saying to re-feminize the past and
misrepresent it as more egalitarian than it really was, but rather to resist
the re-colonization of the past by the sexism of today. The past is sexist
enough without us making it more sexist, right?
Whatever representation
of women in whatever medieval show inspires you, or annoys you, write up a
short editorial and send it to the newspaper, magazine, online new site or blog that you
read. If you have the opportunity, consider how it might actually be worth a
little of your time to reach a new audience and feed their passion for the
historical material you respect and love. And consider how a feminist agenda
can make a big difference to those readers.
For example, the
medievalist Jeffrey Jerome Cohen was recently asked to consult on a children’s
sticker book about Arthurian legend. Not exactly a grant-winning, tenure-worthy
project. But he recognized that something that seemingly trivial actually
reaches an important audience: the next generation of medievalists, and
mathematicians, and millionaires. When he gave feedback on a section of the
sticker book about Merlin and Morgan la Fay, he took the opportunity to make a
feminist critique that both more authentically represents the past and more
fairly inspires the future:
“[Morgan] isn't a wicked character so much as a
person angry for the choices taken from her: forced to end her study of
magic, forced to marry a man she does not love. Does the potion she is making
have to be described as "nasty"? It would be good to
have Morgan a little more balanced. I often think about my daughter
reading books like this, and what lessons she will take away. Merlin is
presented here as he always is now days, as wise and good -- and yet he is also
a schemer and rogue.
When Merlin is purely
good and Morgan all bad, this gendered divide sends a message that I
wish children didn't have to receive yet again -- and it isn't even true to the
medieval materials, in which both Merlin and Morgan (like most people
in the world) are complicated.” (Personal email, April 25, 2014)
Here is my resolution: One
time this year, I will publish something, consult on something, contribute to
something completely non-academic – in a way that helps repair the gender
divide; in a way that gently revises uninformed views of the past, while
respecting the curiousity behind those views; in a way that engages
passionately and stylishly with serious issues of sexism.
If you’re a woman, write
ANYTHING for the wider public if only to help rectify the HUGE gender imbalance
of public intellectuals: by one count, only about one-quarter of public
intellectuals are women. If there’s a gap, fill it with yourself.
Medievalist Diane Watt
recently did this by publishing an editorial in the online news and views website, The Conversation, that sources its articles from the academic and
research community and delivers them direct to the public. Watt wrote about the
problem of the huge imbalance between the way male and female authors are
treated in book reviews in the media. Her solution: start early, in the classroom, by
improving the representation of texts and criticism by women authors. As a
feminist medievalist scholar and teacher, Watt not only schools us on the
gender gap, but helps to rectify it through her own writing as a woman for a wider
public audience.
BARRIERS: “BUT....”
The problem is that very
little of this kind of feminist writing for multiple audiences is rewarded in
our academic jobs, and none counts towards tenure – at least not officially, in
the US. It’s often seen as risky to be politicized or to take time away from
insitutional work. Not to mention we may be teaching four classes a term on top
of completely unreal expectations of peer-reviewed publications.
These are very real barriers,
especially for young un-tenured academics.
But what about just a
half-hour a week? What if we considered that half-hour of outreach as required
as part of our duty to the public, according to our personal vision of our
vocation, even if that doesn’t match the institutional vision?
Consider what
resolutions you will make before this time next year. What half-hour of your
week can you donate to, say, the Wikipedia article on the visionary author Julian
of Norwich, and the entry’s 400 daily readers – probably including your own students?
After all, when was the
last time an academic article of yours had over 12,000 views in a month?
SOME REFERENCES
On academic outreach, recently:
Nicholas Kristof,
“Professors, We Need You!,” The New York
Times, 14 Feb. 2014.
Jessie Daniels,
“Roundup of Responses to Kristof’s Call for Professors in the Public Sphere,” JustPublics@365, 19 Feb. 2014.
On gender discrimination in the media:
Diane Watt, “Women will
be left out of review sections as long as they’re left out of the classroom,” The Conversation, 10 March 2014.
On the so-called “confidence gap”:
Katty Kay and Claire Shipman,
“The Confidence Gap,” The Atlantic,
14 April 2014.
Kim Tran, “Racism, Sexism, and
the Myth of the ‘Confidence Gap,” the
feminist wire, 28 April 2014.
On the gender pay gap in higher education:
AAUP Academe report, “Losing Focus: The Annual Report on the Economic
Status of the Profession, 2013-14,” p. 26, Survey Report Table 5.
AAUP 2013-14 Faculty Survey
(sort by ‘Gender Breakdown’):
On gender discrimination in higher education:
Mary Ann Mason, et. al, Do Babies Matter? Gender and Family in the
Ivory Tower (Rutgers, 2013)
Mason, “In the Ivory Tower,
Men Only,” Slate, 17 June, 2013.
bell hooks, Feminism is for Everybody
(South End Press, 2000)
---, Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
(South End Press, 1984, 2000)
Kathryn Maude, “Citation and
marginalisation: the ethics of feminism in Medieval Studies,” Journal of Gender Studies (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2014.909719
On Wikipedia and the Medieval
Feminist Wikipedia Write-In at Kalamazoo 2014:
Dorothy Kim, “Scholarly
Organizations and Wikipedia Editing,” In
the Middle (blog), 27 April 2014.
Editing Wikipedia Brochure https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Editing_Wikipedia_brochure_EN.pdf
@LSM: What an great posting! Thanks so much for this -- and for providing all these additional links and resources.
ReplyDeleteThe AHA blog has just featured a writeup on the SMFS Wikipedia Write-In and other digital endeavors at #Kzoo2014 as well!
http://blog.historians.org/2014/05/digital-scholarship-much-kzoo-2014/